The research, development and innovation policy in Brazil and the prospects for the development of Industry 4.0 in the Manaus Free Trade Zone

The main objective of this article is to analyze the Brazilian public policy to promote research, development and innovation and the prospects for Industry 4.0 in the Industrial Pole of Manaus. For this, a documental and bibliographic survey was carried out with the objective of identifying public policies to encourage research, development and innovation in Brazil, as well as the initiatives of the Manaus Free Trade Zone for the development of Industry 4.0. Thus, the correlations between the public policies of the Brazilian government and its local perspectives in the Industrial Pole of Manaus were identified, highlighting that the main currently existing initiatives stem from the mandatory investment in RD&I contained in Brazilian legislation and how important is the participation of the National State for the development of Industry 4.0 initiatives in the Manaus Free Trade Zone.


Introduction
Since the beginnings of industrial production in the United Kingdom, many transformations have taken place in the production process, especially due to technological advances and innovations included in the production of manufactures. Such advances established new paradigms for industry and society, which divides these periods into four distinct moments: the so-called industrial revolutions, with the last one currently underway: the fourth Industrial Revolution. (Phuyal, Bista & Bista, 2020;Zhang & Yang, 2020).
The fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0 -I4.0, was initially characterized as a technological evolution of automation initiated in the third industrial revolution. However, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is based on an "intelligent automation" where industrial workers, the production system, products and customers are interconnected. For this to occur, it was necessary to change the paradigm of the production process and the inclusion of new technologies, especially digital resources (Karre, 2017;Davies, Coole & Smith, 2017; the German Government in the process is highlighted, which also gave the term a political connotation, so much so that Germany created a Working Group on I4.0 that presented suggestions to the German Federal Government (Ribeiro, 2017;Beier et al., 2020).
In practice, I4.0 is based on the introduction of new technologies and innovations to the production process or the manufacturing environment, especially in the connection between the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) with machines in order to to make smarter decisions. Such innovations and technological advances are based on nine pillars, namely: (1) analysis and big data, (2) autonomous robots, (3) 3D simulation, (4) horizontal and vertical integration of systems, (5) the internet of things in industry, (6) cybersecurity, (7) cloud computing, (8) additive manufacturing, and (9)  Since the I4.0 represents a paradigm shift in industrial production, changes needed to occur for industrialized countries to adapt to this new imposed reality. In this sense, Germany stands out as the first to present a strategic public policy aimed at transforming the infrastructure of its industry through the application of new technologies. To this end, it made changes to its industrial policy with new principles, new protocols, new rules and new technologies through its strategic initiative called "High Tech Strategy Action Plan for 2020". Consequently, Germany was followed by the United States of America and China (Kagermann, 2013;European Parliament, 2016;Santos et al., 2018;Elmi, Broekaert & Larsen, 2018;Kuo & Shyu;Ding, 2019;Moreira, Jr., 2020). Therefore, the general objective of this article is to identify Brazil's national public policies for research, development and innovation -RD&I and their perspectives for the development of Industry 4.0 in the Manaus Free Trade Zone. In order to achieve this objective, a documental research was carried out, especially in the national regulations and legislation of research, development and innovation, highlighting the initiatives aimed at the development of Industry 4.0 in Brazil and, in particular, in

Public RD&I policies and Industry 4.0
It is true that the changes that have taken place in the production process and, therefore, in the industrialization of a country are the result of a decision by the State, established through an industrial policy that helps or provides the conditions for industrial development to occur or the necessary changes to modernization of local production. However, the implementation of a public policy focused on the industry requires overcoming institutional and political barriers (Andreoni & Chang, 2019).

The research, development and innovation policy in Brazil and the prospects for the development of Industry 4.0 in the Manaus Free Trade Zone
International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, Vol.10 No.9 (2022), pg. 48 For this reason, since 2011, when Germany took the first step towards what the Germans themselves called Industry 4.0, other countries have also been restructuring their national industrial development policies in order to create the conditions for the creation of a new techno-productive paradigm, these are state efforts to implement I4.0 (Aiginger & Rodrik, 2020;Diegues & Roselino, 2021).
The development of an industrial policy that can serve as a basis for the process of implementing I4.0 requires States to drastically alter their current structures of manufacturing industries in order to provide the necessary directions for the establishment of advanced manufacturing (Elmi & Broekaert;Larsen, 2018).
In this sense, changes are promoted throughout the innovation and technological development chain with new methods, protocols, legislation, rules and plans, as was the case, for example, in Germany, the United States and China (Kuo & Shyu;Ding, 2019;Moreira, Jr., 2020).
Brazil, according to studies carried out by the Institute of Studies for Industrial Development and the Institute of Economics of Unicamp, needs to go through a process of productive transformation that requires cooperation between the State and private agents in directing the national development strategy of the I4 .0 in order to avoid losses of industrial structure as well as for public policy to be effective and specific, as well as to determine the use of adequate instruments to encourage the formation of production and innovation networks (Vermulm et al., 2018 ;Diegues & Roselino, 2019).
Previous studies indicate that industrial policies should be focused on some priority areas such as the  Table.1 presents a summary of the definition of each of these public policies for economic development.

The research, development and innovation policy in Brazil and the prospects for the development of Industry 4.0 in the Manaus Free Trade Zone
International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, Vol.10 No.9 (2022), pg. 49

Free Economic
Zones -FEZ`s The FEZ`s (also called "Multifunctional Economic Zones") are large areas that have different industrial, service and urban utilities operations. In some cases, these zones may encompass an entire city or jurisdiction, such as Shenzhen (city) and Hainan (province) in China.
Industrial Parks -IP`s Industrial Parks (also called "Industrial Zones") are largely manufacturing-based sites. Some are multifunctional and similar to "Free Economic Zones", but generally operate on a smaller scale. Parks typically offer a wide range of tax incentives and benefits.
Free Ports -FP`s Free ports means specific areas within a country geographically (in a port) but outside that country's established customs area, thus allowing components and goods to be imported, manufactured and exported without being subject to the host country's standard tariffs and to export/import procedures.
Customs Logistic Parks -

CLP`s
Bonded Parks or Customs Logistic Parks (also known as "Customs Warehouses") are specific buildings or other secure areas in which goods can be stored, handled or subjected to manufacturing operations without the payment of fees that would normally be imposed. To a certain extent, a "customs area" is similar to a "free trade area" or "free port". However, the main difference is that a "customs area" is subject to customs laws and regulations, while a "free trade area" or "free zone" is exempt from these provisions.

Urban Company
Zones -UCZ`s An urban business zone is an area in which policies to encourage economic growth and development are implemented. Urban development zone policies often offer tax breaks, infrastructure incentives and reduced regulations to attract investment and private companies to the zones.

Zones -EZ´s
Specialized Zones include science/technology parks, technology zones, logistics parks and airport zones.

Eco-Industrial
Zones or Parks Eco-industrial zones or parks focus on ecological improvements in terms of reducing waste and improving the environmental performance of companies. They often use a concept of "industrial symbiosis" and green technologies to achieve energy and resource efficiency. Given the serious environmental challenges, an increasing number of countries are adopting this new type of zone.

Source: Adapted from Zeng (2016).
In order to receive investments aimed at Industry 4.0 -I4.0, the Free Zones -FZ`s installed in Latin America are also beginning to adapt. In this sense, in South America, the Bogotá Free Trade Zone -BFTZ was the first to modify its regulations to attract investments in the area of cloud services, automated customs control systems and recognition systems for the area of transport and goods. This BFTZ initiative motivated the Colombian Government to modify its legislation on the FZ's regime in order to promote and attract such investments. Following the Colombian example, the Oriental Republic of Uruguay also modified its FZ's framework in order to grant incentives to services related to Industry 4.0, as well as Brazil, which also defined regulatory frameworks aimed at attracting investments for I4.0 in the Manaus Free Trade Zone -MFTZ (Gutiérrez, 2020;Mincit, 2021;Itikawa & Santiago, 2021).

Public Policies aimed at Industry 4.0 in the Manaus Industrial Pole -MIP
Public policies as the application of programs or plans whose objective is to develop, improve or mitigate societal problems based on scientific studies began in the first decades of the 20th century and were fundamental both for stimulating the science of public policies (policy studies) and investment in research applied to the main challenges of society. In Brazil, the first public policies began to be applied in the 1930s with the Government of President Getúlio Vargas and its objective of developing the country (Vaitsman, Ribeiro & Lobato, 2013;Farr et al., 2006).
One of the main challenges of modern societies is the development of science, technology and innovation -ST&I, for this, specific public policies are developed to help and encourage such activities in countries. They are relevant to the competitiveness and development, not only of certain regions, but also of companies in particular industries, since a good part of the use of scientific knowledge is applied to production processes, as occurred in all industrial revolutions (Viotti & Macedo, 2003;Ferreira, 2018 promote the National Campaign for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel -CAPES, constituting these initiatives the first in the history of the country aimed at to the promotion of science, technology and innovation (Ferreira, 2018;Oliveira, 2016 (Velho, 2011;Oliveira, 2016;Ferreira, 2018).  Table 2 presents a summary of the main initiatives of the Brazilian government for the development of I 4.0.  and 2021, respectively (Arbix, 2017;Brasil, 2016;Brasil, 2017a;Brasil, 2017b;Brasil, 2020). to companies producing computer goods in the region. In this resolution, the definition of Industry 4.0 stands out as "a set of technologies that allow the fusion of the physical, digital and biological world in production processes, stages of the value chain, distribution, etc. that today are also associated with advanced manufacturing such as the internet of things, big data, 3D printing, cloud computing, among others (Suframa, 2018;Mdic, 2017).

The research, development and innovation policy in Brazil and the prospects for the development of Industry 4.0 in the Manaus Free Trade Zone
In

References
Aiginger, K., & Rodrik, D. (2020). Rebirth of industrial policy and an agenda for the twenty-first century.