A Descriptive Portrait of Teacher Attrition at Tennessee Charter Schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss5.1474Keywords:
Teacher attrition, teacher retention, human capital, teacher mobilityAbstract
This study offers an analysis of teacher attrition patterns at charter schools in Nashville and Memphis, Tennessee. Using survey data from 121 teachers, the study reports teacher opinion regarding four common causes of teacher attrition, examines the role of demography and school organization on future attrition plans, and offers various regression models in an attempt to predict future plans for the teachers within the sample. Overall, teachers reported lukewarm feelings regarding common causes of teacher attrition, and no background characteristic or school organizational structure held significance for future plans.
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References
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Allen, M. B. (2005). Eight questions on teacher recruitment and retention: What does the research say? Education Commission of the States. Retrieved from http://www.ecs.org/html/educationissues/teachingquality/trrreport/home/ teacherrecruitmentretention.pdf
Allensworth, E., Ponisciak, S., & Mazzeo, C. (2009). The schools teachers leave: Teacher mobility in Chicago Public Schools. Chicago, IL: Consortium on Chicago School Research, University of Chicago. Retrieved from https://consortium.uchicago.edu/publications/schools-teachers-leave-teacher-mobility-chicago-public-schools
Baker, B. D., & Dickerson, J. L. (2006). Charter schools, teacher labor market deregulation, and teacher quality: Evidence from the schools and staffing survey. Educational Policy, 20(5), 752-778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904805284118
Borman, G. D., & Dowling, N. M. (2008). Teacher attrition and retention: A meta-analytic and narrative review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 78(3), 367-409. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308321455
Boyd, D., Grossman, P. L., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2009). Teacher preparation and student achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31(4), 416-440. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373709353129
Brown, H., Henig, J., Lacireno-Paquet, N., & Holyoke, T. T. (2004). Scale of operations and locus of control in market- versus mission-oriented charter schools. Social Science Quarterly, 85(5), 1035-1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.00259.x
Brown, W. A., & Yoshioka, C. F. (2003). Mission attachment and satisfaction as factors in employee retention. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 14(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.18
Bryk, A. S., Gomez, L. M., Grunow, A., & LeMahieu, P. G. (2015). Learning to improve: How America's schools can get better at getting better. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
Bulkley, K. E. (2003). Balancing act: Educational management organizations and charter school autonomy. In K. E. Bulkley & P. Wohlstetter (Eds.), Taking account of charter schools: What’s happened and what’s next. (121-158). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Burian-Fitzgerald, M., Luekens, M. T., & Strizek, G. A. (2004). Less red tape or more green teachers: Charter school autonomy and teacher qualifications. In K. E. Bulkley & P. Wohlstetter (Eds.), Taking account of charter schools: What’s happened and what’s next. (11-31). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Cannata, M. (2008). Teacher qualifications and work environments across school types. Boulder, CO: Education Policy Research Unit, University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/teacher-qualifications-and-work-environments-across-school-types
Cannata, M., & Penaloza, R. (2012). Who are charter school teachers? Comparing teacher characteristics, job choices, and job preferences. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 20(29), 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v20n29.2012
Curtis, R. E., & Wurtzel, J. (2010). Teaching talent: A visionary framework for human capital in education. Harvard Education Press: Cambridge, MA.
DeArmond, M., Gross, B., Bowen, M., Demeritt, A., & Lake, R. (2012). Managing talent for school coherence: Learning from charter management organizations. Center on Reinventing Public Education, University of Washington. Retrieved from https://www.crpe.org/sites/default/files/pub_cmo_managingtalent_may12.pdf
Fry, S. (2009). Characteristics and experiences that contribute to novice elementary teachers' success and efficacy. Teacher Education Quarterly, 36(2), 95-110. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ857478.pdf
Giacometti, K. (2005). Factors affecting job satisfaction and retention of beginning teachers (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). Retrieved from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11152005-172907/ unrestricted/final.pdf
Griffin, N. C., & Wohlstetter, P. (2001). Building a plane while flying it: Early lessons from developing charter schools. Teachers College Record, 103(2), 336–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0161-4681.00118
Grissom, J. A. (2011). Can good principals keep teachers in disadvantaged schools? Linking principal effectiveness to teacher satisfaction and turnover in hard-to-staff environments. Teachers College Record, 113(11), 2552-2585. Retrieved from: https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=16144
Gross, B. (2011). Inside charter schools: Unlocking doors to student success. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Retrieved from https://www.crpe.org/publications/inside-charter-schools-unlocking-doors-student-success
Gross, B., & DeArmond, M. (2010). Parallel patterns: Teacher attrition in charter vs. district schools. Seattle, WA: Center on Reinventing Public Education, University of Washington. Retrieved from https://www.crpe.org/publications/parallel-patterns-teacher-attrition-charter-vs-district-schools
Hanushek, E. A. (2007). The single salary schedule and other issues of teacher pay. Peabody Journal of Education, 82(4), 574-586. Retrieved from: https://hanushek.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/hanushek.2007%20PeabodyJEd%2082(4).pdf
Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J. F., & Rivkin, S. G. (2001). Why public schools lose teachers (Working Paper 8599). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3386/w8599
Heider, K. L. (2005). Teacher isolation: How mentoring programs can help. Current Issues in Education, 8(14), 1-7. Retrieved from https://cie.asu.edu/ojs/index.php/cieatasu/article/view/1686
Henig, J. R., Holyoke, T. T., Brown, H., & Lacireno-Paquet, N. (2005). The influence of founder type on charter school structures and operations. American Journal of Education, 111(4), 487-588. https://doi.org/10.1086/431181
Henry, G., Zimmer, R., Kho, A., & Pham, L. (2017). Recruitment and retention of teachers in Tennessee’s achievement school district and izone schools. Tennessee Education Research Alliance. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/vu-news/files/ 20170214133034/Teacher-Retention-in-ASD-and-iZone-v4.pdf
Ingersoll, R., Merrill, L., & Stuckey, D. (2014). Seven trends: The transformation of the teaching force. CPRE Research Reports. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_researchreports/79
Ingersoll, R. & Strong, M. (2011). The impact of induction and mentoring programs for beginning teachers: A critical review of the research. Review of Education Research, 81(2), 201-233. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311403323
Ingersoll, R. (2001). Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organizational analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 38(3), 499-534. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=gse_pubs
Johnson, S. M. (2006). The workplace matters: Teacher quality, retention, and effectiveness. Working Paper. National Education Association Research Department. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED495822.pdf
Johnson, S. M., & Birkeland, S. E. (2003). Pursuing a “sense of success”: New teachers explain their career decisions. American Educational Research Journal, 40(3), 581-617. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040003581
Johnson, S. M., Kraft, M. A., & Papay, J. P. (2012). How context matters in high-need schools: The effects of teachers’ working conditions on their professional satisfaction and their students’ achievement. Teachers College Record, 114(10), 1-33. Retrieved from https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mkraft/files/johnson_kraft_papay_teacher_working_conditions_final.pdf
Kelly, A. P., & Loveless, T. (2012). Comparing new school effects in charter and traditional public schools. American Journal of Education, 118(4), 427–453. Retrieved from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/666370
Kowal, J., Hassel, E. A., & Hassel, B. C. (2007). Teacher compensation in charter and private schools. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/02/pdf/teacher_compensation.pdf
Ladd, H. F. (2011). Teachers’ perceptions of their working conditions: How predictive of planned and actual teacher movement? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 33(2), 235-26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373711398128
Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2002). Teacher sorting and the plight of urban schools: A descriptive analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24(1), 37-62. Retrieved from http://epa.sagepub.com/content/24/1/37
Malloy, C. L. & Wohlstetter, P. (2003). Working conditions in charter schools: What’s the appeal for teachers? Education and Urban Society, 35(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124502239393
Marinel, W. H. & Coca, V. M. (2013). Who stays and who leaves? Findings from a three-part study of teacher turnover in NYC middle schools. New York: The Research Alliance for NYC Schools. Retrieved from https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/media/users/sg158/PDFs/ttp_synthesis/TTPSynthesis_Report_March2013.pdf
Miron, G., & Applegate, B. (2007). Teacher attrition in charter schools. East Lansing, MI: Great Lakes Center for Education Research and Practice. Retrieved from: http://greatlakescenter.org/docs/Research/Miron_Attrition.pdf
Mueller, C. W., Finley, A., Iverson, R. D., & Price, J. L. (1999). The effects of group racial composition on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and career commitment in the case of teachers. Work and Occupations, 26(2), 187-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888499026002003
Murphy, J. (2016). Leading school improvement: A framework for action. West Palm Beach, FL: Learning Sciences International.
National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). Schools and staffing survey. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sass/ questionnaire.asp
Newmann, F. M. & Wehlag, G. G. (1995). Successful school restructuring: A report to the public and educators by the Center on Organization and Restructuring Schools. Madison, WI: Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED387925.pdf
Ni, Y. (2012). Teacher working conditions in charter schools and traditional public schools: A comparative study. Teachers College Record, 114(3), 1-26. Retrieved from: https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=16301
North Carolina Teacher Working Conditions Initiative. (2012). North Carolina teacher working conditions main survey. Retrieved from http://www.ncteachingconditions.org
Price, H. E. (2012). Principal–teacher interactions: How affective relationships shape principal and teacher attitudes. Educational Administration Quarterly, 48(1), 39-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X11417126
Renzulli, L. A., Parrott, H. M., & Beattie, I. R. (2011). Racial mismatch and school type: Teacher satisfaction and retention in charter and traditional public schools. Sociology of Education, 84(1), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040710392720
Schwartz, R., Hernandez, M., & Ngo, J. (2010). Attracting and retaining strong teachers. In R. E. Curtis & J. Wurtzel (Eds.), Teaching talent: A visionary framework for human capital in education (113-128). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
Shelby County Schools. (2016). “About us.” Retrieved from http://www.scsk12.org/about/
Shen, J. (1997). Teacher retention and attrition in public schools: Evidence from SASS91. Journal of Educational Research, 91(2), 81-88. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27542134?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Simon, N. S., & Johnson, S. M. (2013). Teacher turnover in high-poverty schools: What we know and can do. Teachers College Record, 117(3), 1-36. Retrieved from https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=17810
Smith T., & Ingersoll, R. (2004). What are the effects of induction and mentoring on beginning teacher turnover? American Education Research Journal, 41(3), 681-714. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312041003681
Strunk, K., & Robinson, J. (2006). Oh, won't you stay: A multilevel analysis of the difficulties in retaining qualified teachers. Peabody Journal of Education, 81(4), 65-94. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327930pje8104_4
Stuit, D. A., & Smith, T. M. (2012). Teacher turnover in charter schools. Nashville, TN: National Center on School Choice, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255600494_Teacher_Turnover_in_Charter_Schools
Tennessee Charter School Center. (2015). 2014-2015 State of the sector: Tennessee charter schools. Nashville, TN. Retrieved from: http://www.tnchartercenter.org/sites/554/uploaded/files/TNCharterSOS201415WebVersionV2.pdf
The New Teacher Project. (2012). The irreplaceables: Understanding the real retention crisis in America's urban schools. Retrieved from: https://tntp.org/publications/view/the-irreplaceables-understanding-the-real-retention-crisis
Torres, A. C. (2014). Is this work sustainable? Teacher turnover and perceptions of workload in charter management organizations. Urban Education, 51(8), 891-914. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085914549367
Zimmer, R., Buddin, R. J., Chau, D., Gill, B., Guarino, C., Hamilton, L., ... & Brewer, D. (1999). Charter school operations and performance: New evidence from California. Rand Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1700.html
Allen, M. B. (2005). Eight questions on teacher recruitment and retention: What does the research say? Education Commission of the States. Retrieved from http://www.ecs.org/html/educationissues/teachingquality/trrreport/home/ teacherrecruitmentretention.pdf
Allensworth, E., Ponisciak, S., & Mazzeo, C. (2009). The schools teachers leave: Teacher mobility in Chicago Public Schools. Chicago, IL: Consortium on Chicago School Research, University of Chicago. Retrieved from https://consortium.uchicago.edu/publications/schools-teachers-leave-teacher-mobility-chicago-public-schools
Baker, B. D., & Dickerson, J. L. (2006). Charter schools, teacher labor market deregulation, and teacher quality: Evidence from the schools and staffing survey. Educational Policy, 20(5), 752-778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904805284118
Borman, G. D., & Dowling, N. M. (2008). Teacher attrition and retention: A meta-analytic and narrative review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 78(3), 367-409. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308321455
Boyd, D., Grossman, P. L., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2009). Teacher preparation and student achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31(4), 416-440. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373709353129
Brown, H., Henig, J., Lacireno-Paquet, N., & Holyoke, T. T. (2004). Scale of operations and locus of control in market- versus mission-oriented charter schools. Social Science Quarterly, 85(5), 1035-1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.00259.x
Brown, W. A., & Yoshioka, C. F. (2003). Mission attachment and satisfaction as factors in employee retention. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 14(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.18
Bryk, A. S., Gomez, L. M., Grunow, A., & LeMahieu, P. G. (2015). Learning to improve: How America's schools can get better at getting better. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
Bulkley, K. E. (2003). Balancing act: Educational management organizations and charter school autonomy. In K. E. Bulkley & P. Wohlstetter (Eds.), Taking account of charter schools: What’s happened and what’s next. (121-158). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Burian-Fitzgerald, M., Luekens, M. T., & Strizek, G. A. (2004). Less red tape or more green teachers: Charter school autonomy and teacher qualifications. In K. E. Bulkley & P. Wohlstetter (Eds.), Taking account of charter schools: What’s happened and what’s next. (11-31). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Cannata, M. (2008). Teacher qualifications and work environments across school types. Boulder, CO: Education Policy Research Unit, University of Colorado. Retrieved from https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/teacher-qualifications-and-work-environments-across-school-types
Cannata, M., & Penaloza, R. (2012). Who are charter school teachers? Comparing teacher characteristics, job choices, and job preferences. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 20(29), 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v20n29.2012
Curtis, R. E., & Wurtzel, J. (2010). Teaching talent: A visionary framework for human capital in education. Harvard Education Press: Cambridge, MA.
DeArmond, M., Gross, B., Bowen, M., Demeritt, A., & Lake, R. (2012). Managing talent for school coherence: Learning from charter management organizations. Center on Reinventing Public Education, University of Washington. Retrieved from https://www.crpe.org/sites/default/files/pub_cmo_managingtalent_may12.pdf
Fry, S. (2009). Characteristics and experiences that contribute to novice elementary teachers' success and efficacy. Teacher Education Quarterly, 36(2), 95-110. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ857478.pdf
Giacometti, K. (2005). Factors affecting job satisfaction and retention of beginning teachers (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). Retrieved from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11152005-172907/ unrestricted/final.pdf
Griffin, N. C., & Wohlstetter, P. (2001). Building a plane while flying it: Early lessons from developing charter schools. Teachers College Record, 103(2), 336–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0161-4681.00118
Grissom, J. A. (2011). Can good principals keep teachers in disadvantaged schools? Linking principal effectiveness to teacher satisfaction and turnover in hard-to-staff environments. Teachers College Record, 113(11), 2552-2585. Retrieved from: https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=16144
Gross, B. (2011). Inside charter schools: Unlocking doors to student success. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Retrieved from https://www.crpe.org/publications/inside-charter-schools-unlocking-doors-student-success
Gross, B., & DeArmond, M. (2010). Parallel patterns: Teacher attrition in charter vs. district schools. Seattle, WA: Center on Reinventing Public Education, University of Washington. Retrieved from https://www.crpe.org/publications/parallel-patterns-teacher-attrition-charter-vs-district-schools
Hanushek, E. A. (2007). The single salary schedule and other issues of teacher pay. Peabody Journal of Education, 82(4), 574-586. Retrieved from: https://hanushek.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/hanushek.2007%20PeabodyJEd%2082(4).pdf
Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J. F., & Rivkin, S. G. (2001). Why public schools lose teachers (Working Paper 8599). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3386/w8599
Heider, K. L. (2005). Teacher isolation: How mentoring programs can help. Current Issues in Education, 8(14), 1-7. Retrieved from https://cie.asu.edu/ojs/index.php/cieatasu/article/view/1686
Henig, J. R., Holyoke, T. T., Brown, H., & Lacireno-Paquet, N. (2005). The influence of founder type on charter school structures and operations. American Journal of Education, 111(4), 487-588. https://doi.org/10.1086/431181
Henry, G., Zimmer, R., Kho, A., & Pham, L. (2017). Recruitment and retention of teachers in Tennessee’s achievement school district and izone schools. Tennessee Education Research Alliance. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/vu-news/files/ 20170214133034/Teacher-Retention-in-ASD-and-iZone-v4.pdf
Ingersoll, R., Merrill, L., & Stuckey, D. (2014). Seven trends: The transformation of the teaching force. CPRE Research Reports. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_researchreports/79
Ingersoll, R. & Strong, M. (2011). The impact of induction and mentoring programs for beginning teachers: A critical review of the research. Review of Education Research, 81(2), 201-233. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311403323
Ingersoll, R. (2001). Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organizational analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 38(3), 499-534. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=gse_pubs
Johnson, S. M. (2006). The workplace matters: Teacher quality, retention, and effectiveness. Working Paper. National Education Association Research Department. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED495822.pdf
Johnson, S. M., & Birkeland, S. E. (2003). Pursuing a “sense of success”: New teachers explain their career decisions. American Educational Research Journal, 40(3), 581-617. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312040003581
Johnson, S. M., Kraft, M. A., & Papay, J. P. (2012). How context matters in high-need schools: The effects of teachers’ working conditions on their professional satisfaction and their students’ achievement. Teachers College Record, 114(10), 1-33. Retrieved from https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/mkraft/files/johnson_kraft_papay_teacher_working_conditions_final.pdf
Kelly, A. P., & Loveless, T. (2012). Comparing new school effects in charter and traditional public schools. American Journal of Education, 118(4), 427–453. Retrieved from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/666370
Kowal, J., Hassel, E. A., & Hassel, B. C. (2007). Teacher compensation in charter and private schools. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2007/02/pdf/teacher_compensation.pdf
Ladd, H. F. (2011). Teachers’ perceptions of their working conditions: How predictive of planned and actual teacher movement? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 33(2), 235-26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373711398128
Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2002). Teacher sorting and the plight of urban schools: A descriptive analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24(1), 37-62. Retrieved from http://epa.sagepub.com/content/24/1/37
Malloy, C. L. & Wohlstetter, P. (2003). Working conditions in charter schools: What’s the appeal for teachers? Education and Urban Society, 35(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124502239393
Marinel, W. H. & Coca, V. M. (2013). Who stays and who leaves? Findings from a three-part study of teacher turnover in NYC middle schools. New York: The Research Alliance for NYC Schools. Retrieved from https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/scmsAdmin/media/users/sg158/PDFs/ttp_synthesis/TTPSynthesis_Report_March2013.pdf
Miron, G., & Applegate, B. (2007). Teacher attrition in charter schools. East Lansing, MI: Great Lakes Center for Education Research and Practice. Retrieved from: http://greatlakescenter.org/docs/Research/Miron_Attrition.pdf
Mueller, C. W., Finley, A., Iverson, R. D., & Price, J. L. (1999). The effects of group racial composition on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and career commitment in the case of teachers. Work and Occupations, 26(2), 187-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888499026002003
Murphy, J. (2016). Leading school improvement: A framework for action. West Palm Beach, FL: Learning Sciences International.
National Center for Education Statistics. (n.d.). Schools and staffing survey. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sass/ questionnaire.asp
Newmann, F. M. & Wehlag, G. G. (1995). Successful school restructuring: A report to the public and educators by the Center on Organization and Restructuring Schools. Madison, WI: Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED387925.pdf
Ni, Y. (2012). Teacher working conditions in charter schools and traditional public schools: A comparative study. Teachers College Record, 114(3), 1-26. Retrieved from: https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=16301
North Carolina Teacher Working Conditions Initiative. (2012). North Carolina teacher working conditions main survey. Retrieved from http://www.ncteachingconditions.org
Price, H. E. (2012). Principal–teacher interactions: How affective relationships shape principal and teacher attitudes. Educational Administration Quarterly, 48(1), 39-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X11417126
Renzulli, L. A., Parrott, H. M., & Beattie, I. R. (2011). Racial mismatch and school type: Teacher satisfaction and retention in charter and traditional public schools. Sociology of Education, 84(1), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040710392720
Schwartz, R., Hernandez, M., & Ngo, J. (2010). Attracting and retaining strong teachers. In R. E. Curtis & J. Wurtzel (Eds.), Teaching talent: A visionary framework for human capital in education (113-128). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
Shelby County Schools. (2016). “About us.” Retrieved from http://www.scsk12.org/about/
Shen, J. (1997). Teacher retention and attrition in public schools: Evidence from SASS91. Journal of Educational Research, 91(2), 81-88. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/27542134?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Simon, N. S., & Johnson, S. M. (2013). Teacher turnover in high-poverty schools: What we know and can do. Teachers College Record, 117(3), 1-36. Retrieved from https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=17810
Smith T., & Ingersoll, R. (2004). What are the effects of induction and mentoring on beginning teacher turnover? American Education Research Journal, 41(3), 681-714. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312041003681
Strunk, K., & Robinson, J. (2006). Oh, won't you stay: A multilevel analysis of the difficulties in retaining qualified teachers. Peabody Journal of Education, 81(4), 65-94. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327930pje8104_4
Stuit, D. A., & Smith, T. M. (2012). Teacher turnover in charter schools. Nashville, TN: National Center on School Choice, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255600494_Teacher_Turnover_in_Charter_Schools
Tennessee Charter School Center. (2015). 2014-2015 State of the sector: Tennessee charter schools. Nashville, TN. Retrieved from: http://www.tnchartercenter.org/sites/554/uploaded/files/TNCharterSOS201415WebVersionV2.pdf
The New Teacher Project. (2012). The irreplaceables: Understanding the real retention crisis in America's urban schools. Retrieved from: https://tntp.org/publications/view/the-irreplaceables-understanding-the-real-retention-crisis
Torres, A. C. (2014). Is this work sustainable? Teacher turnover and perceptions of workload in charter management organizations. Urban Education, 51(8), 891-914. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085914549367
Zimmer, R., Buddin, R. J., Chau, D., Gill, B., Guarino, C., Hamilton, L., ... & Brewer, D. (1999). Charter school operations and performance: New evidence from California. Rand Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1700.html
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Campbell, M., Gesualdi, N., & Moquin, R. (2019). A Descriptive Portrait of Teacher Attrition at Tennessee Charter Schools. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 7(5), 78-93. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss5.1474
