Structural Changes in Radio and Impacts on Music Listeners

Rizwan Ahmad; Abbas Rashid Butt; Khalid Rashid

doi:10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss3.3641

Authors

Rizwan Ahmad Superior University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8142-3982
Abbas Rashid Butt Superior University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-7051
Khalid Rashid Superior University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss3.3641

Keywords:

Radio, Political Economy, Music Listeners, Mixed Methods

Abstract

The current study explores structural changes in radio and assesses their impact on music listeners in Pakistan utilizing the theoretical underpinnings of the political economy of communication. A mixed-method approach was used to answer research questions and evaluate hypotheses. A contextual analysis was utilized to evaluate the qualitative analysis after the interviews with 14 experts in the Pakistani radio industry were transcribed. Cross-tabulation with chi-square test, Independent Sample T-test, and AVOVA with Tukey tests were used to analyze survey responses from 200 respondents in order to determine the correlations between variables. The findings show that structural trends in the radio industry's deregulation and commercialization have curtailed access to a varied range of listeners in Pakistan. According to the research, deregulation, licensing fees, new license fees, and the restriction of Indian music, revenue generation, and licensing to nonprofit FM radio have all limited access to a diverse spectrum of radio music listeners in Pakistan. This trend also leads broadcast media in Pakistan to produce and disseminate more entertainment programming rather than information and education programs.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Rizwan Ahmad, Superior University

M. Phil. Scholar
Abbas Rashid Butt, Superior University

Senior Lecturer
Khalid Rashid, Superior University

Assistant Professor

References

A. A. Naz, FM radio revolution in Pakistan: A case study, “Global Media Journal”, 1(1), 2008.

A. Abbas, “FM 103 forced off airwaves”, Karachi, 2004, The Herald, 38.

A. R. Kemal, Regulatory framework in Pakistan, “The Pakistan Development Review”,

(4), 2002, 319–332.

A. Rasul, and J. M. Proffitt, Diversity or homogeny: concentration of ownership and media diversity in Pakistan, “Asian Journal of Communication”, 23(6), 2013, 590-604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2013.805797

A. Rasul, Role of radio in development: The case of Pakistan, “Journal of mass

communication”, 11(2), 2004, 54-67.

Ahmad, E. A comparative profile of program contents and telephonic talk on FM 100 and 101 (unpublished master’s thesis), Department of Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) Islamabad, Pakistan, 1999.

Ali, M. FM radio broadcasting in Pakistan. Karachi: Pakistan Press Foundation, 2009.

Anderson, C. W. The place of principles in policy analysis. In J. M. Gillroy & M. Wade

(Eds.), The moral dimension of public policy Choice: Beyond the Market paradigm University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1992, pp. 387-409.

Bagdikian, B. The media monopoly. Beacon Press, Boston, 2004.

Bashir, A. FM 100 as private radio station of 2000-2002 (unpublished master’s thesis). Department of Mass Communication, University of the Punjab, Pakistan, 2002.

Bernstein, M. Regulatory business by independent commissions. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1955.

Chaudhary, M. U. Revival of radio in Pakistan: Cultural, Political and Social impact of FM radio on the youth (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Department of Media Studies, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan, 2019.

D.W. Smythe, Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism, “Canada Journal of

Political and Social Theory”, 1, 1977, 1-28.

Erum, S. Analysis of Use of Radio (unpublished master’s thesis). Department of Mass Communication, University of the Punjab, Pakistan, 1998.

G. Stigler, The theory of economic regulation, “Bell Journal of Economics”, 2, 1971, 3–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3003160

Gonzalez. M. E. The hidden war of information. Ablex Publishing Corporation, New Jersey, 1988.

Herman, S. & N. Chomsky. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the

Mass Media. Pantheon, New York, 1988.

J. Chalaby, From internationalization to trans nationalization, “Global Media and

Communication” 1(1), 2005, 28-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2005.10162483

Joseph, A. Broadcast regulation in the public interest: A backgrounder. Retrieved from Info change India. Available http://infochangeindia.org/Media/Broadcast-Laws-andRegulations/Broadcast-regulation-in-the-public-interest-A-backgrounder.html, 2009, June 20).

K. K. Robison, and E. M. Crenshaw, Post-industrial transformations and cyber-space: A

cross-national analysis of internet development, “Social Science Research”, 31, 2002, 334-363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00004-2

Laffont, J. J., and J. Tirole. J. A theory of incentives in regulation and procurement.

MIT Press, Cambridge, 1993.

Ludes, P. Convergence, and fragmentation. Intellect Books, Chicago, 2008.

M. G. Oxley, The cable-telco cross-ownership prohibition: First amendment

infringement through obsolescence, “Federal Communication Law Journal”, 46, 1993, 7-37.

M. Yaser, M. N. Mahsud, and I. A. Chaudhry, Effects of Exposure to Electronic Media Political Content on Voters’ Voting Behavior, “Berkeley Journal of Social Sciences”, 1(4), 2011.

McChesney, R. W. The political economy of media: enduring issues, emerging dilemmas. Monthly Review Press, New York, 2008.

McQuail, D. Mass Communication Theory (4th ed.), Sage, London, 2000.

Mihal, C. Liberal Fictions: The Public-Private Dichotomy in Media Policy. In G. Wasko., Murdock & H. Sousa (Eds.). The Handbook of Political Economy of Communications. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2011.

Mosco, V. The political economy of communication (2d ed.), Sage, London, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446279946

Myers, M. Radio and Development in Africa: A Concept Paper, International

Development Research Centre, Ottawa, 2008.

N. Abila, “FM-100 as trendsetter of Radio listening the case study of 1996-98 Lahore Listeners (unpublished master’s thesis),” Department of Mass Communication, University of the Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan, 1998.

Napoli, P. M. Foundations of communication policy: principles and processes in

the regulation of electronic media. Hampton Press, Cresskill, NJ, 2003.

Olson, M. The rise and decline of nations: Economic growth, stagflation and social

rigidities, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1982.

P.N. Thomas, Trading the nation: multilateral negotiations and the fate of communications in India, “Gazette”, 61(3), 1999, 275-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549299061003006

PEMRA. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority. Retrieved June 14, 2020, from http://www.pemra.gov.pk/index.html.

Rawan, B., and S. A. Siraj. Mass Communication handbook, course code 963, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, 2003.

Rehman, S. Increasing Role of Media in Pakistan. Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI), Islamabad, 2014.

S. B. Naqvi, N. B. Fahim, and M. Kasi, FM radio and social change in Quetta city, “Baluchistan Review”, 24(1), 2011.

S. D. McDowell, Globalization and policy choice: television and audiovisual services

policies in India, “Media Culture & Society”, 19(2), 1997, 151-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/016344397019002002

Syed, N. A. FM-101 Broadcast (unpublished master’s Thesis), Institute of Communication Studies, Punjab University Lahore, Pakistan, 2002.

Tahir, S. N. Television in Pakistan: An overview. In D. French & M. Richards (Eds.), Contemporary Television: Eastern perspectives, Sage, New Delhi, 1996, pp. 113-131.

W. Willems, Participation – in what? Radio, convergence and the corporate logic of

audience input through new media in Zambia, “Telematics and Informatics”, 30(3), 2013, 223-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2012.02.006

Wahgra, S. A. A case study of FM 100 as a private radio channel (unpublished master’s thesis, submitted to Punjab University, Lahore, 2002.

Wasko, J., G. Murdock, and H. Sousa (Eds.). The handbook of the political economy of communications (Vol. 3). Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444395402