Effects of Integrating Technology on the Fitness Levels of Elementary Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss11.268Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of using technology in physical education classes on the cardiovascular endurance of fourth grade students. Three classes of fourth grade students were randomly assigned to Heart Rate Monitor (HRM), Pedometer, or Control groups and participated in the same physical education activities for 24 weeks. Comparisons on the ½ mile fitness run of the 3 groups were not significantly different from each other (p = .3580) at the beginning of the study. There were no significant correlations (p > 0.05) between activity levels and mile run times after the 24 weeks. A two-way (Treatment x Gender) ANOVA was used to analyse mile run times after the 24 weeks. The main effect of gender (p < 0.01) was significant while the effect of treatment (p > 0.05) and the Treatment x Gender interaction (p > 0.05) were not.
References
United States Surgeon General, United States Department of Health & Human Services, A report of the Surgeon General, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1996.
Rink, J. (1995). Moving into the future-National standards for physical education: A guide to content and assessment, National Association for Sport and Physical Education, Reston, VA. 1995.
Bassett, D. R., Jr., Cureton, A. L., and Ainsworth, B. E., “Measurement of daily walking distnace-questionnaire versus pedometer,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(5), 2000, pp. 1018-1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200005000-00021
Freedson, P. S., and Miller, K., “Objective monitoring of physical activity using motion sensors and heart rate,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71(2), 2000, pp. 21-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2000.11082782
Le Masurier, G. C., & Tudor-Locke, C., “Comparison of pedometer and accelerometer accuracy under controlled conditions,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(5), 2003, pp. 867-871. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000064996.63632.10
Strand, B. and Reeder, S., “Using heart rate monitors in research on fitness levels of children in physical education,” Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 12, 1993, 215-220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.12.2.215
Talbot, L. A., Metter, E. J., Morrell, C.H., Frick, K. D., Weinstein, A. A., and Fleg, J. L., “A pedometer-based intervention to improve physical activity, fitness, and coronary heart disease risk in National Guard personnel,” Military Medicine, 176(5), 2011, pp. 592-600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00256
Tudor-Locke, C., “A preliminary study to determine instrument responsiveness to change with a walking program: Physical activity logs versus pedometers,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(3), 2001, pp. 288-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2001.10608962
Tudor-Locke, C., Ainsworth, B. E., Thompson, R. W., and Matthews, C. E., “Comparison of pedometer and accelerometer measures of free-living physical activity,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(12), 2002, pp. 2045-2051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200212000-00027
Welk, G. J., and Corbin, C. B., “The validity of the Tritrac-R3D activity monitor for the assessment of physical activity in children,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 66(3), 1995, pp. 202-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1995.10608834
Welk, G. J., Differding, J. A., Thompson, R. W., Blair, S. N., Dziura, J., and Hart, P.“The untility of the Digi-Walker step counter to assess daily physical activity patterns,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(9), 2000, pp. 481-488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009001-00007
Cardon, G. and De Bourdeaudhuij, I., “A pilot study comparing pedometer counts with reported physical activity in elementary schoolchildren,” Pediatric Exercise Science, 16, 2004, pp. 355-367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.16.4.355
Eston, R.G., Rowlands, A.V., and Ingledew, D.K., “Validity of heart rate, pedometry, and accelerometry for predicting the energy cost of children’s activities,” Journal of Applied Physiology, 84, 1998, pp. 362-371.[14] Scruggs, P. W., Beveridge, S. K., Eisenman, P. A., Watson, D. L., Shultz, B. B., and Ransdell, L. B., “Quantifying physical activity via pedometry in elementary physical education,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(6), 2003, pp. 1065-1071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000069748.02525.B2
Trost, S. G., “Objective measurement of physical activity in youth: Current issues, future direction,” Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 29(1), 2001, pp. 32-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200101000-00007
Welk, G. J., Corbin, C. B., and Kampert, J. B., “The validity of the Tritrac-R3D activity monitor for the assessment of physical activity: II. Temporal relationships among objective assessments,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(4), 1998, pp. 395-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1998.10607713
Benham-Deal, T., and Deal, L. O., “Heart to heart: Using heart rate telemetry to measure physical education outcomes,” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 66(3), 1995, pp. 30-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1995.10607058
Hardman, C.A., Horne, P.J., and Lowe, C.F., “Effects of rewards, peer-modelling and pedometer targets on children’s physical activity: A school-based intervention study,” Psychology & Health, 26(1), 2011, pp. 3-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440903318119
Hinson, C., “Pulse power-A heart physiology program for children,” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 65(1), 1994, pp. 62-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1994.10606836
Lee, L., Kuo, Y., Fanaw, D., Perng, S., and Juang, I., “The effect of an intervention combining self-efficacy theory and pedometers on promoting physical activity among adolescents,” Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(7/8), 2014, pp. 914-922. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03881.x
Lieberman, L. J., Stuart, M. E., Hand, K., and Robinson, B., “An investigation of the motivational effects of talking pedometers among children with visual impairments and deaf-blindness,” Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 100(12), 2006, pp. 726-736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X0610001204
Strand, B., and Mathesius, P. “Physical education with a heartbeat,” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 66(9), 1995, pp. 64-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1995.10607158
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,“Fitnessgram (Part 2),” Strategies, 18(3), 2005, pp. 35-38.
The Cooper Institute, Fitnessgram /Activitygram: Test administration manual (4th ed.). Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 2007.
Kirkpatrick, B. and Burton, H.B., Lessons from the heart: Individualizing physical education with heart rate monitors, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 1997.
Myers, L., Strikmiller, P.K., Webber, L.S., and Berenson, G.S., “Physical and sedentary activity in school children grades 5-8: the Bogalusa Heart Study,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28, 1996, pp. 852-859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199607000-00012
Tudor-Locke, C. E. and Myers, A. M., “Methodological consideration for researchers and practitioners using pedometers to measure physical (ambulatory) activity,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(1), 2001, pp. 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2001.10608926
Vincent, S.D. & Pangrazi, R.P., “An examination of the activity patterns of elementary school children,” Pediatric Exercise Science, 14, 2002, pp. 432-441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.14.4.432
Wilde, B. E., Corbin. C. B., and Le Masurier, G. C., “Free-living pedometer step counts of high school students,” Pediatric Exercise Science, 16, 2004, pp. 44-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.16.1.44
Trost, S. G., Pate, R. R., Dowda, M., Saunders, R., Ward, D. S., and Felton, G., “Gender differences in physical activity and determinants of physical activity in rural fifth grade children,” Journal of School Health, 66(4), 1996, pp. 145-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1996.tb08235.x
Minsoo K., Marshall, S. J., Barreira, T. V., and Jin-Oh Lee., “Effect of pedometer-based physical activity interventions: A meta-analysis,” Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 80(3)3, 2009, pp. 648-655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599604
Brannigan, A. and Swerman, W., ‘The real “Hawthorne Effect,”’ Society, 38(2), 2001, pp. 55-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-001-1041-6
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Shelia L Jackson, Annette Holeyfield, Jeanie Strasner
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyrights for articles published in IJIER journals are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author for more visit Copyright & License.
How to Cite
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Morgan Scott, MS, Kaitlin Burgess, MS, CSCS, Shelia L Jackson, Ph.D., Effects of Attentional and Motivational Priming on Athletic Performance , International Journal for Innovation Education and Research: Vol. 6 No. 12 (2018): International Journal for Innovation Education and Research