Cognitive Impairment Among Collegiate African American Student-Athletes Who Have One Or More Concussions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss8.3313Keywords:
Concussion, ImPACT, college student-athletes, cognitive impairmentAbstract
The purpose of this research was to examine concussion induced cognitive impairment among collegiate athletes for a long term. This study attempted to determine if there was a significant decrease in cognitive function in student-athletes with a history of concussion after one year of concussion. Totally 46 student athletes who were qualified was included in this study. Of all the 46 student athletes, 14 are females, and 32 males from the following sports: Women’s Basketball (n=3), Men’s Basketball (n=2), Football (n=30), Softball (n=7), Women’s Tennis (n=2), and Women’s Volleyball (n=2) (Table 1). The age range was18-23 years old. Seven of them had two or more concussions Results of this study showed that while all the scores of the ImPACT test improved after one year of concussion for the student-athletes with one or more concussions, there was significant improvement only in the processing speed. For the student-athletes with two or more concussions, the processing speed score after one year of concussions was a little lower even than the score after initial concussion, but it is not statistically significant.
Downloads
References
Baillargeon, A., Lassonde, M., Leclerc, S., & Ellemberg, D. (2012). Neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment of sport concussion in children, adolescents and adults. Brain Injury, 26(3), 211-220. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2012.654590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.654590
Bar, K.J. & Markser, V.Z. (2013). Sport specific of mental disorders: the issue of sport psychiatry. European Archives Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 263, 205-210. doi 10.1007/s00406-013-0458-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-013-0458-4
Broglio, S.P., Macciocchi, S.N., & Ferrara, M.S. (2007). Neurocognitive performance of concussed athletes when symptom free. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(4), 504-508.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). Take concussions out of play: Learn to prevent, recognize, and respond to concussions. http://www.cdc.gov/Features/ProtectYoungAthletes/
Covassin, T., Stearne, D., & Elbin, R. (2008). Concussion history and post-concussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms in college athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 119-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.119
Eme, R., Gilbertson, K., & Oehler, S. (2013). Persistent cognitive impairment in a multiply concussed female athlete: Is it chronic traumatic encephalopathy? A case study. Journal of Counseling and Professional Psychology, 2, 43-51.
Field, M., Collins, M.W., Lovell, & Maroon, J. (2003) Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. Journal of Pediatrics, 142, 546-553. Doi:10.1067/mpd.2003.190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2003.190
Frommer, L.J., Gurka, K.K., Cross, K.M., Ingersoll, C.D., Comstock, R.D., & Saliba, S.A. (2011). Sex difference in concussion symptoms of high school athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(1), 76-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.76
Costanza, A., Radomska, M., Zenga, F., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Serafini, M., … Nguyen, K. D. (2021). Severe suicidality in athletes with chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A case series and overview on putative ethiopathogenetic mechanisms. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 18(3). doi: 10.3390/ijerph18030876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030876
Gessel, L.M., Fields, S.K., Collins, C.L., Dick, R.W., & Comstock, R.D. (2007). Concussion among United States high school and collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(4), 495-503.
Gomez, J. E. & Hergenroeder, A.C. (2013). New guidelines for management of concussion in sport: Special concern for youth. Journal of Adolescent Health and Medicine, 53, 311-313. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth. 2013.06.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.018
Guinto, G. & Guinto-Nishimura, Y. (2013). Post-concussion syndrome: A complex and underdiagnosed clinical entity. World Neurosurgery, 82(5), 627-628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2013.10.016
doi:10. 1016/j.wneu. 2013.10.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2013/10/016
Ingriselli, J.M., Register-Mihalik, J.K., Schmidt, J.D., Mihalik, J.P., Goerger, B.M., & Guskiewicz, K.M. (2013). Outcomes, utility, and feasibility of single task and dual task intervention programs: Preliminary implications for post-concussion rehabilitation. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(6), 580-585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.006
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.006
Iverson, G.L. & Koehle, M.S. (2013). Normative data for the balance error scoring system in adults. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, Vol. 2013, Article ID 846418. doi: 10.1155/2013/846418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/846418
Iverson, G.L., Echemendia, R. J., LaMarre, A. K., Brooks, B. L., & Gaetz, M.B. (2012). Possible lingering effects of multiple past concussions. Rehabilitation Research & Practice, 2012,1-7. doi: 10.1155/2012/316575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/316575
Iverson, G.L., Lovell, M.R., & Collins, M.W. (2005). Validity of ImPACT for measuring processing speed following sports-related concussion. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 683-689. doi: 10.1080/13803390490918435 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1081/13803390490918435
Johnson, L.S.M. (2012). Return to play guidelines cannot solve the football-related concussion problem. Journal of School Health, 82(4), 180-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00684.x
Karantzoulis, S. & Randolph, C. (2013). Modern Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Retired Athletes: What is the Evidence? Neuropsychology Review, 23, 350-360. doi: 10.1007/s11065-013-9243-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-013-9243-4
Kozloeski, K.F., Graham, J., Leddy, J.J., Devinney-Boymel, L., & Willer, B.S. (2013) Exercise intolerance in individuals with postconcussion syndrome. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(5), 627-653. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-48.5.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.5.02
Laker, S. R. (2011). Epidemiology of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 3, S354-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.07.017
doi: 10. 1016/j.pmrj.2011.07.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2011/07/017
Maruta, J., Lee, S.W., Jacobs, E.F., & Ghajar J. (2010) A unified science of concussion. Annals of the New York Academy of sciences, 1208, 58-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05695.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.20.05695
McClincy, M.P., Lovell, M.R., Pardini, J., Collins, M.W., & Spore, M.K. (2006) Recovery from sports concussion in high school and collegiate athletes. Brain Injury, 20(1), 33-39. doi: 10.1080/02699050500309817 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050500309817
McCrory, P., Meewuwisse, W.H., Aubry, M., Cantu, R.C., Dvorak, J., & Echemendia, R.J.(2013). Consensus statement on concussion in sport. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(4), 554-575. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.05
McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W.H., Kutcher, J.S., Jordan, B.D., & Gardner, A. (2013). What is the evidence for chronic concussion-related changes in retired athletes: behavioral, pathological and clinical outcomes? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(5), 1-5. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092248
McKee, A.C., Stein, T.D., Nowinski, C.J., Stern, R.A., Daneshvar, D.H., Alvare, V.E., … Cantu, R.C. (2013) The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain, 136(1), 43-64. doi:10.1093/brain/aws307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws307
Moser, R. S., Glatts, C., & Schatz, P. (2012). Efficacy of immediate and delayed cognitive and physical rest for treatment of sports-related concussion. Journal of Pediatrics, 161(5), 922-926. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.04.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.04.012
Moser, R.S., Iverson, G.L., Echemendia, R.J., Lovell, M.R., Schatz, P., Webbe, F.M., … & Barth, J.T. (2007). Neuropsychological evaluation in the diagnosis and management of sports-related concussion. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 909-916. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.09.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.09.004
Murray, N., Salvatore, A., Powell, D., & Reed-Jones, R. (2014). Reliability and validity evidence of multiple balance assessments in athletes with a concussion. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(4), 540-549. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.32
Provencher, M. T., Frank, R. M., Shubert, D. J., Sanchez, A., Murphy, C. P., & Zafonte, R. D. (2018). Concussions in sports. orthopedics, 42(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20181231-02
doi:10.3928/01477447-20181231-02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20181231-02
Schatz, P., Pardini, J.E., Lovell, M.R., Collins, M.W., & Podell, K. (2006) Sensitivity and specificity of ImPACT test battery for concussion in athletes. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 91-99. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.08.001
Schatz, P. (2009). Long-term test-retest reliability of baseline cognitive assessments using ImPACT. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509343805
doi: 10.1177/0363546509343805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509343805
Stern, R.A., Riley, D.O, Daneshvar, D.H., Nowinski, C.J., Canty, R.C., & McKee, A.C. (2011) Long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 3, 460-467. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.08.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.08.008
Tartaglia, M.C., Hazrati, L.N., Davis, K.D., Green, R.E.A., Wennberg, R., Mikulis, … & Tator, C. (2014). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(30). doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00030
Webbe, M. F. (2003). Recency and frequency of soccer heading interact to decrease neurocognitive performance. Applied Neuropsychology,10(1), 31-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN1001_5
doi: 10.1207/S15324826AN1001_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN1001_5
Zuckerman, S.L., Lee, Y.M., Odom, M.J., Solomon, G.S., Forbes, J.A., & Sills, A.K. (2012). Recovery from sports-related concussion: Days to return to neurocognitive baseline in adolescents versus young adults. Surgical Neurology International, 3(130). doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.102945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.102945
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Monica Panayi, lei guo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyrights for articles published in IJIER journals are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author for more visit Copyright & License.
How to Cite
Accepted 2021-08-01
Published 2021-08-01
