Discourse Of Indigenous Education Policy: The Malaysian Case
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss10.453Abstract
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) was created to give Indigenous peoples the right to determine their own educational system. In article 14 it is stated that, Indigenous peoples have the right to establish and control their educational systems and institutions, providing education in their own languages, in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods of teaching and learning. Since the 56 years of independence, Orang Asli has never been neglected or excluded from the governments planning in ensuring their education development. Following Foucault analytical model, this paper discusses how knowledge that constitutes power highlights the way the governing systems work in Indigenous education policy. Furthermore, this paper also deliberates on participation by the Orang Asli and the power held by them to influence the creation of education policy through three main ideas; governmentality, power/knowledge and discourses which are analytical approaches by Foucault. Based on this discussion, we can get a clear picture and better understanding the possibility of improvements in Indigenous people educational opportunities and the possibility of a more all-inclusive education development policy.
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References
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[38] Mohd Asri, MH 2012, 'Advancing the Orang Asli through Malaysia’s Clusters of Excellence Policy', Journal of International and Comparative Education, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 90-103.
[39] Mohd Roslan, R 2013, 'Challenges of the Orang Asli’s Rights in Mainstream Education in Malaysia: An Overview', International Language and Education Conference, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.
[40] Nicholas, C 2000, The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources: Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Copenhagen.
[41] Nicholas, C 2006, 'The State of Orang Asli Education and its Problems', Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM), SUHAKAM.
[42] Omar, O 2004, 'Politic and Development Among The Orang Asli in Pahang', Master thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
[43] Peterson, R 2001, Michel Foucault: Power/Knowledge, Colorado State University Resource Centre for Communications Studies.
[44] Powers, P 2007, 'The Philosophical Foundations of Foucaultian Discourse Analysis', Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 18-34.
[45] Rohaida, N 2010, 'Malaysian Perspective on Human Rights', Journal of Law, vol. 14, pp. 17-33.
[46] Sharifah, MN, Shamsilah, R, Aminuddin, M, Kamaruddin, AH, Mohamad Azhar, MA & Jaimah, AM 2011, 'Dropout Prevention Initiatives for Malaysian Indigenous Orang Asli Children', The International Journal on School Disaffection, pp. 42-56.
[47] Smart, B 2002, Michel Foucault, Routledge, New York.
[48] SUHAKAM 2011a, Laporan Maklum Balas Kerajaan Terhadap Laporan Tahunan SUHAKAM 2011 (The Feedback Report From Government on the SUHAKAM 2011 Annual Report), Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM), Kuala Lumpur.
[49] SUHAKAM 2011b, Laporan Tahunan SUHAKAM 2011 (SUHAKAM Annual Report 2011), Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM), Kuala Lumpur
[50] SUHAKAM 2012, The Status Report of Child Rights Education of Orang Asli, Human Rights Commission of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
[51] UNDRIP 2007, United Nations Declaration of The Rights of Indigenous People, United Nation.
[2] Arendt, H 1970, On Violence, Penguin Press, London.
[3] Asnarulkhadi, AS 2005, 'Orang Asli: Mainstreaming Minority Consumers', in Nurizan, Y, Mohd Amin, O & Sharifah Azizah, H (eds), Consumers in The Development, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, pp. 264-276.
[4] Asnarulkhadi, AS, Maria, M, Zahid, E, Mariani, M & Hanina, HH 2007, 'Integrated curriculum for Orang Asli/Penan (KAP): A new approach in community education development Aamong the Orang Asli/Penan', National Seminar of Social Science: Sains Sosial Teras Pembangunan Modal Insan, National Seminar of Social Science.
[5] Beider, H 2007, Neighbourhood renewal and housing markets: Community engagement in the US and UK, Blackwell, Oxford.
[6] Britzman, D. P. (1998). Lost Subjects, Contested Objects: Toward a Psychoanalyfic Inquiry of Learning. New York State: University of New York Press.
[7] Brown, CV 1995, 'Power in Social Work Practice with Older Women', Social Work, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 358-364.
[8] Chinnasamy, S 2013, 'A Study of The Impact of The Internet, Malaysiakini.com and Democratising Forces on The Malaysian General Election 2008', PhD thesis, University of Adelaide, Australia.
[9] Dean, M 2010, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society, 2nd edn, Sage, London.
[10] Dean, MM 1999, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society, SAGE, London.
[11] Department of Orang Asli Affairs 1995, Memorandum pengambilan Sekolah-sekolah Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli (JHEOA) (Memorandum of Understanding the Acquisition of School under the Department of Orang Asli Affairs), Department of Orang Asli Affairs (JHEOA), Kuala Lumpur.
[12] Department of Orang Asli Development 2011, Pelan Strategik Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli 2011-2015 (Strategic Plan of Department of Orang Asli Development 2011-2015), Department of Orang Asli Development (JAKOA), Kuala Lumpur.
[13] Fairclough, N 2003, Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research, Routledge, London.
[14] Faruqi, SS 2009, 'Human Rights, International Law and Municipal Courts', Conference SUHAKAM, Kuala Lumpur.
[15] Foucault, M 1980, Power/Knowledge, Harvester, Brighton.
[16] Foucault, M 1988, 'Politics and reason', in Krizman, L (ed), Michael: Politics, Philosophy, Cultural, Routledge, London, pp. 57-85.
[17] Foucault, M 1991, 'Governmentality', in Foucault, Met al (eds), The Foucault effect: studies in governmentality: with two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
[18] Gale, P 2005, The politics of fear: lighting the Wik, Pearson Education Australia, Australia.
[19] Gallagher, M 2011, 'Sound, space and power in a primary school', Social & Cultural Geography, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 47-61.
[20] Gardner, R 1997, 'The Conversation Object Mm: A Weak and Variable Acknowledging Token', Research on Language and Social Interaction, vol. 30, pp. 131-156.
[21] Giddens, A 1985, The Nation-state and violence, Polity Press, Cambridge.
[22] Gordon, C 1991, 'Government rationality: An introduction', in Foucault, Met al (eds), The Foucault effect : studies in governmentality : with two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault, University of Chicago Pres, Chicago.
[23] Hasmah, AM 2013, 'Hak Pendidikan Kanak-kanak Orang Asli', Malaysian Journal on Human Rights, vol. 7, pp. 56-69.
[24] Hassan, MN 1997, The Study About Academic Achievement Among the Indigenous Primary School Student, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
[25] Hassan, MN 1998, 'Masyarakat Orang Asli dan Akta 134 (Akta Orang Asli): Kaitannya dengan pembangunan', in Hassan, MN (ed), Warga Pribumi Menghadapi Cabaran Pembangunan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, pp. 88-120.
[26] Hassan, MN 2009, 'Cabaran Pendidikan Orang Asli di Malaysia', in Abdul Razak, A & Zalizan, MJ (eds), Masyarakat Orang Asli: Pespektif Pendidikan dan Sosiobudaya, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, pp. 217-228.
[27] Hearn, M 2008, 'Developing a Critical Discourse: Michel Foucault and the Cult of Solidarity', Critical Discourse Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 21-34.
[28] Hoy, DC 1986, 'Power, Repression, Progress: Foucault, Lukas and the Frankfurt School', in Hoy, DC (ed), Foucault: A Critical Reader, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 123-147.
[29] Iedema, R 2003, Discourses of Post-Bureaucratic Organization, John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
[30] Ikram, J 1997, Kenyataan Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli Malaysia pada perjumpaan dengan wakil-wakil media massa pada 31hb. Oktober, 1997 (Statement of the Director General of the Department of Orang Asli Affairs Malaysia at a meeting with mass media representatives on 31st. October, 1997), Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli., Kuala Lumpur.
[31] Knights, D & Vurdubakis, T 1994, 'Foucault, Power, Resistance and All That', in Jernier, JM, Knights, D & Nord, WR (eds), Resistance and Power in Organizations Routledge, London, pp. 167-198.
[32] Laurier, E & Philo, C 2004, 'Ethnoarchaeology and Undefined Investigations', Environment and Planning, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 421-436.
[33] Lukes, S 1974, Power: A Radical View, Macmillan, London.
[34] McHoul, A 1996, Semiotic Investigations: Towards an Effective Semiotics, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
[35] Miller, GJ 1997, 'Building Bridges: The Possibility of Analytic Dialogue Between Ethnography, Conversation Analysis and Foucault', in Silverman, D (ed), Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice, Sage, London.
[36] Mills, S 2003, Michel Foucault, Routledge, London.
[37] Mohamad Johdi, S & Abdul Razak, A 2009, 'Kesedaran Pendidikan dalam Kalangan Masyarakat Orang Asli', in Abdul Razak, A & Zalizan, MJ (eds), Masyarakat Orang Asli: Pespektif Pendidikan dan Sosiobudaya, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, pp. 47-62.
[38] Mohd Asri, MH 2012, 'Advancing the Orang Asli through Malaysia’s Clusters of Excellence Policy', Journal of International and Comparative Education, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 90-103.
[39] Mohd Roslan, R 2013, 'Challenges of the Orang Asli’s Rights in Mainstream Education in Malaysia: An Overview', International Language and Education Conference, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.
[40] Nicholas, C 2000, The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources: Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, Copenhagen.
[41] Nicholas, C 2006, 'The State of Orang Asli Education and its Problems', Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM), SUHAKAM.
[42] Omar, O 2004, 'Politic and Development Among The Orang Asli in Pahang', Master thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.
[43] Peterson, R 2001, Michel Foucault: Power/Knowledge, Colorado State University Resource Centre for Communications Studies.
[44] Powers, P 2007, 'The Philosophical Foundations of Foucaultian Discourse Analysis', Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 18-34.
[45] Rohaida, N 2010, 'Malaysian Perspective on Human Rights', Journal of Law, vol. 14, pp. 17-33.
[46] Sharifah, MN, Shamsilah, R, Aminuddin, M, Kamaruddin, AH, Mohamad Azhar, MA & Jaimah, AM 2011, 'Dropout Prevention Initiatives for Malaysian Indigenous Orang Asli Children', The International Journal on School Disaffection, pp. 42-56.
[47] Smart, B 2002, Michel Foucault, Routledge, New York.
[48] SUHAKAM 2011a, Laporan Maklum Balas Kerajaan Terhadap Laporan Tahunan SUHAKAM 2011 (The Feedback Report From Government on the SUHAKAM 2011 Annual Report), Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM), Kuala Lumpur.
[49] SUHAKAM 2011b, Laporan Tahunan SUHAKAM 2011 (SUHAKAM Annual Report 2011), Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM), Kuala Lumpur
[50] SUHAKAM 2012, The Status Report of Child Rights Education of Orang Asli, Human Rights Commission of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
[51] UNDRIP 2007, United Nations Declaration of The Rights of Indigenous People, United Nation.
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How to Cite
Rosnon, M. R., & Chinnasamy, S. (2015). Discourse Of Indigenous Education Policy: The Malaysian Case. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 3(10), 126-140. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss10.453
